Impedance Calculator
Calculate transmission line impedanceCommon Impedance Values
USB 2.090Ω differential
USB 3.090Ω differential
HDMI100Ω differential
Ethernet100Ω differential
PCIe85Ω differential
DDR440Ω single-ended
Transmission Line Analysis
Analyze signal propagation characteristicsTransmission Line Guidelines
Critical Lengthλ/10 rule
Rise Time Rulel > tr × 0.35 / tpd
FR4 Velocity~150 mm/ns
Ideal VSWR1:1 (matched)
PCB Cost Estimator
Estimate your PCB manufacturing costCost Factors
Board SizeLarger = More
Layer Count+40% per 2 layers
Surface FinishENIG most expensive
QuantityVolume discounts
Non-standard+10% premium
Trace Width Calculator
IPC-2221 based calculationsCopper Weight Reference
0.5 oz0.017mm - Flex PCBs
1 oz0.035mm - Standard
2 oz0.070mm - Power boards
3 oz0.105mm - High current
Via Calculator
Calculate via current capacityStandard Via Sizes
Micro Via0.10mm hole - HDI
Small Via0.20mm hole - Dense
Standard Via0.30mm hole - General
Power Via0.40mm hole - Power
PCB Design Tips
Best practices for professional PCB design
1
Trace Routing
- Keep high-speed traces short and direct
- Avoid 90° corners, use 45° or curves
- Maintain consistent trace width for controlled impedance
- Route differential pairs with equal length
2
Ground Planes
- Use solid ground planes for better EMI
- Avoid splits under high-speed signals
- Place decoupling caps near IC power pins
- Use via stitching around board edges
3
Component Placement
- Place bypass capacitors close to ICs
- Group related components together
- Consider thermal management early
- Leave space for test points
4
Manufacturing (DFM)
- Follow DFM guidelines for your fab
- Minimum trace/space: typically 4/4 mil
- Standard via: 0.3mm hole, 0.6mm pad
- Add fiducials for SMT assembly
5
Signal Integrity
- Match trace lengths for timing-critical signals
- Use proper termination for transmission lines
- Separate analog and digital grounds
- Consider crosstalk between parallel traces
6
Power Distribution
- Use wider traces for power rails
- Calculate copper weight for current needs
- Add multiple vias for power transitions
- Consider plane capacitance benefits